Professional background:

• Master’s degree in economics, University of Helsinki, 1992–1997
• Licentiate, University of Helsinki, 1999
• Visiting Fellow with a Fulbright Fellowship, Harvard University, 1999–2000
• PhD in economics, University of Helsinki, 2002
• Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic and Business Research (CEBR) in Copenhagen, 2002–2005
• Professor of Economics, University of Helsinki, 2005–2006
• Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation Research Fellow, RUESG, University of Helsinki, 2006
• Professor of Economics, University of Helsinki, 2006–2010
• Professor of Economics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), since 2010
• Director of the ifo Center for International Institutional Comparisons and Migration Research, ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, since 2010